Assignment No.4

1. The major difference between deadlock, starvation and race is that in deadlock, the problem occurs when the jobs are processed. Starvation, however is the allocation of resource that prevents one job to be executed. Race occurs before the process has been started.

2. Example of Deadlock: When two person are about to buy one product at the time.
Example of Starvation: When one person borrowed a pen from his classmate and his
classmate get his pen back.
Example of Race: When two guys have the same girlfriend.

3. Four necessary condition needed for the deadlock from exercise #2:
if the product is only one.
if the two person needed that one product urgently.
if there's other alternative products available.
if the two person are brand concious and the product happen to be what they like.

4.

5.
a. Deadlock will not happen because there are two traffic lights that control the traffic. But when some motorist don't follow the traffic lights, deadlock can occur because there's only one bridge to drive through.
b. Deadlock can be detected when there will be a huge bumper to bumper to the traffic and there will be accident that will happen.
c. The solution to prevent deadlock is that, the traffic lights should be accurate and motorist should follow it. In order to have a nice driving through the bridge.

Assignment no.3

page # 104

What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing? Once it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem?

a.The thrashing is caused by mainly by the file indexing in vista and not with your page file. Indexing usually happens in the first 15mins after you boot up - its normal.Your pagefile seems very large - try to make it a fixed size of about 1024Mb on a second HD if possible. Have you inserted a spare USB memory stick for readyboost - it helps reduce thrashing later on.

b. How does the operating sytem detect thrashing?

-An operating system would have no idea that thrashing is happening. The OS would be responsible for making use of virtual memory to make up for the lack of physical RAM during a particular computing session, but would have no concept that this is causing issues with hardware.

c. Once thrashing is detected, what can the operating system do to eliminate it?

-Thrashing is usually a symptom of low memory in your system. To minimize it, try adding more memory to your computer or try to cut down on use interface elements that use extra memory like complicated background images and detailed icons.

page 56

question # 1-3

a.) Multi programming:

Multiprogramming is the technique of running several programs at a time using timesharing. It allows a computer to do several things at the same time. Multiprogramming creates logical parallelism. The concept of multiprogramming is that the operating system keeps several jobs in memory simultaneously. The operating system selects a job from the job pool and starts executing a job, when that job needs to wait for any i/o operations the CPU is switched to another job. So the main idea here is that the CPU is never idle.

b. Internal fragmentation. How does it occur?-Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being used.

c. External fragmentation. How does it occur?-the external fragmentation is to create a minimum swap file size that somewhat exceeds the usual size of your swap file. If your swap file exceeds the minimum, external fragmentation will occur. Setting a maximum that may be exceed is ill advised as it can crash your system if it is exceeded.

d. Compaction. Why is it needed?

e. Relocation. How often should it be performed?
- Relocation is the process of replacing symbolic references or names of libraries with actual usable addresses in memory before running a program. It is typically done by the linker during compilation, although it can be done at run-time by a loader. Compilers or assemblers typically generate the executable with zero as the lower-most, starting address. Before the execution of object code, these addresses should be adjusted so that they denote the correct runtime addresses.

2. Describe the major disadvantages for each of the four memory allocation schemes presented in the chapter.

- The major disadvantage only 1 job per partition and waste of main storage.

3. Describe the major advantages for each of the memory allocation schemes presented in the chapter.

-The major advantage of this is operating system is easy to implement.

Assignment No.2

UNIX

UNIX sysadmins claim that UNIX is intrinsically better designed.Stored in many text files,The kernel does not use shared libraries (Linux modules are not shared.UNIX systems for handling heavy-duty applications.

Windows

Windows NT is a portable, secure, multithreaded, multiprocessing operating system.Windows NT is a portable, secure, multithreaded, multiprocessing operating system. As a result, its virtual memory manager must:• Be compatible with multiple processor types • Protect the NT Executive from applications • Protect applications from each other • Provide mechanisms for programs to efficiently share physical memory (RAM). • Be efficientAn Application's View of MemoryIn Windows NT, applications access memory using a 32-bit linear addressing scheme. This scheme is sometimes referred to as flat memory model because applications view memory as one linear (or flat) array of memory locations. Applications address memory using simple 32-bit offsets from address zero (0). Since a 32-bit offset can specify 232 memory addresses, each application can access up to 4 Gb of (virtual) memory.

Assignment No.1

1.Operating Systems

An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking and managing file systems. Most operating systems come with an application that provides a user interface for managing the operating system, such as a command line interpreter or graphical user interface. The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software.
The most commonly-used contemporary desktop OS is Microsoft Windows, with Mac OS X also being well-known. Linux and the BSD are popular Unix-like systems.

2.Give at least two reason why a regional bank might decide to buy six server computer instead of one supercomputer.

1. We need six server computer instead of one because to be faster in working.
2. We need six server computer instead of one because its better to work faster.